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Pakistan's economy

Economic History
Five decades
Pakistan is very poor and predominantly agricultural country obtained independence from Britain in 1947. Average economic growth in Pakistan since independence more than the average growth rate of world economy during the period. Average annual growth rate of GDP was 6.8% in 1960 from 4.8% in 1970 and 6.5% in the 1980s. The average annual growth rate fell to 4.6% in the 1990s, with significantly lower growth in the second half of the decade. See also
The industrial growth in the sector, including manufacturing, well above average. In the 1960s, Pakistan was seen as a model of economic development in the world, and there was much praise for its economic progress. Karachi was growing as an economic model around the world, and there was much praise for the way their economies. Many countries have tried the strategy of economic to imitate planning in Pakistan and one was copied from them, South Korea, from the city of the second Five-Year Plan "and World Financial Center in Seoul and the model designed of Karachi. Later, economic mismanagement in general, and fiscally imprudent economic policies, in particular, led to a significant increase in public debt of the country and led to a slower growth in the ten 1990th Two wars with India over Kashmir war of 1965 and the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971 and the separation of Bangladesh hampering economic growth. In particular, the war, the latter the economy near recession, although the production economy is strong, until the nationalization 1970s recovered. The economy recovered in 1980 through a policy of deregulation and the influx of foreign aid and remittances from expatriate workers.
In the decades
This is a graphical representation of the development of gross domestic product at market prices in Pakistan under the International Monetary Fund with figures in Million Pakistani rupees. See also
Year
Gross domestic product
U.S. dollar
Inflation
(2000 = 100)
Per capita
(As% of U.S.)
1960
20 058
Pakistani rupees 4.76
3.37
1965
31 740
Pakistan 4.76 rupees
3.40
1970
51 355
Pakistani rupees 4.76
3.26
1975
131 330
Pakistan 9.91 rupees
2.36
1978
283 460
Pakistani rupees 9.97
21
2.83
1985
569 114
16.28 Pakistani Rupees
30
2.07
1990
1029093
21.41 Pakistani Rupees
41
1.92
1995
2268461
30.62 Pakistani Rupees
68
2.16
2000
3826111
51.64 Pakistani Rupees
100
1.54
2005
6581103
59.86 Pakistani Rupees
126
1.71
Elasticity economically
GDP growth 1951-2007
Background
Historically, Pakistan has the overall economic performance (GDP) increased each year since the recession 1951st Despite this record of sustained growth, Pakistan had Economy until recently been characterized as unstable and extremely vulnerable to external and internal shocks. However, the economy proved to be unexpectedly against a number of undesirable Events covered a period of four years (1998-2002) period
The financial crisis in Asia;
According to economic sanctions, Colin Powell, Pakistan was "sanctioned in the Eyes ";
The global recession of 2001-2002;
worst drought severe in the history of Pakistan, which lasts about four years;
Perception of the higher Risk because of military tensions with India, with nearly 1 million troops along the border, and the outlook for the next (potentially nuclear) war;
post-9/11 military action in neighboring Afghanistan, with a massive influx of refugees from that country;
Despite these adverse events has Pakistan economy to continue to grow, and accelerate economic growth towards the end of this period. This resistance has led to a change in the perception of the economy, with important international institutions like the IMF praised the World Bank and the ADB Pakistan's performance in adversity.
With the recent reports of resistance
further confirmation, that the economy is receiving is not as sensitive as the climate of an analysis of 2008 that "68 countries surveyed, compared with the quantification of their sensitivity Climate variability, using figures on GDP by industry and the sensitivity of certain sectors of the meteorological variables. "The analysis showed that of 68 Countries, the country "less sensitive to climate has been Pakistan."
After the highly destructive 2005 earthquake, Pakistan's economy continue to grow, Growth of over 7 percent over the twelve months to 30 June 2006.
Pakistan emerged as one of the best performers, after the crisis, Financial World, while the country is engaged in a costly war against the militants. Its economy has been driven very little affected by the banking sector and praised the excess liquidity, while remaining safe and sound. However, the impact in the export-oriented industries has been observed Strank low due to external demand. ref> "Barclays sees great potential in Pakistan (August 14, 2009). "DAWN. http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/business/09-barclays-sees-huge -potential-in-pakistan — SZH-05. Accessed 15/09/2009. </ Ref>
Macroeconomic reform and prospects
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Roads highways and strategic roads Pakistan.
According to various sources, the Pakistani government has implemented important economic reforms since 2000, and the medium-term job creation and poverty reduction are the best in nearly a decade.
The public sales have improved in recent years due to economic growth, tax collection, tax reforms – with a Broadening the tax base and effective suite of public programs for self-evaluation and control of corruption in the Central Council of the revenue – and the Privatisation Services and telecommunications. Pakistan is aggressive tariffs and exports increase by improving ports, roads, electricity and irrigation. Islamabad, the development expenditure of around 2% GDP doubled in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, is a necessary step to prevent the general underdevelopment of its social sector.
Liberalization international textile trade has already anticipated benefits for Pakistani exports and the country also benefit from the liberalization of trade in agriculture. As a large country, Pakistan hopes to build up significant economies of scale, and China to replace than most large textile manufacturer as the latter made by China in the value chain. These industries are the strengths of Pakistan in low labor costs.
The strengthening of the stability of the country has strong monetary policy to lower interest rates and money market instruments contributed to expansion in the amount of credit, investment trends of the nation. Pakistan domestic production of natural gas and the frequent use of fuel in automobiles has the effect of oil shocks cushioned by 2004-2005. Pakistan also from the doctrine of import substitution to depart, some developing countries (including Iran) held dogmatically in the twentieth century. The Pakistani government is currently pursuing an export-LED-economic growth model successfully implemented by South Asia and now a great success in China.
In 2005, the World Bank
"The Pakistan was the top reformer in the region and the number 10 reformer globally and it is easier, a company that reduction Costs start to register property, the penalties for breaches of corporate governance and the substitution of a permit requirement for each shipment of two licenses Years for the trade. "
Doing Business
The World Bank (WB) and the flagship company of the International Finance grasp Doing Business 2010 ranks among the 85 181 countries Worldwide Pakistan. Pakistan reached the highest in Southeast Asia, but also a larger value of China, Russia and India, which is 133rd The five countries New Zealand, Singapore, New, USA, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom.
Government of Pakistan has in recent years, granted numerous incentives to technology companies, the to do business in Pakistan. A combination of more tax holiday decade of zero tariffs on imports of computer, government incentives for venture capital, with to subsidize a variety of programs for technical education, is designed to support the growing industry of information technology. The latter years have seen remarkable Growth in this sector led.
Economy today
come because of inflation and the economic crisis, World, Pakistan's economy in a state of balance of payments crisis. "The International Monetary Fund has saved Pakistan in November 2008 to avoid a balance of payments crisis in July last year, the loan to 11.3 billion euros an initial $ 7600000000 increased. "
In October 2007, the reserves of Pakistan is a beautiful 16.4 billion U.S. dollars has increased. Pakistan maintains political Implication controlled trade deficit rose 13 billion U.S. dollars, exports of U.S. $ 18 billion U.S. dollars to generate revenue up to 13 billion U.S. dollars and drawn foreign investment of 8.4 billion euros.
Since 2008 Pakistan has taken over the economic stagnation Outlook. Security problems created by the function of the nation in the war against terrorism has created great instability and led to a decline in foreign direct investment from a height of approximately $ 8,000,000 to $ 3,500,000,000 for the fiscal year. At the same time, the uprising a massive capital flight from Pakistan has forced into the Gulf. In combination with the increasing global commodity prices has combined Effect of the economy disrupted Pakistan, with rising trade deficits, high inflation and declining value of the rupee, which rose 60-1 to $ 80 to $ 1 in a few months. For the first time in years, who may have an external financing in the balance of payments. Consequently, S & P Rating Low external debt of Pakistan currency B CCC-top, just above a level several notches indicating default. Pakistan's ratings declined in local currency at least B-BB. Credit agency Moody's Investors Service lowered its outlook for Pakistan debt stable to negative due to the political uncertainty, although it maintained the status B2.The countries at the cost of hedging against default is from Pakistan on trade in government bonds at 1,800 basis points, based on its credit default swaps for five years, a level that investors believe the country already or will soon be shown in default.
Average, but there may be less turbulent, depending on the political framework. The EIU believes that the Inflation should fall to single digits in 2010 and that growth will pick up over 5% per year was in 2011. Well below the average of previous years July 5% improving the current crisis, where is the growth of a mere 3.5 to 4%.
Economic comparison of Pakistan 1999-2008
A look at IIChundrigar Road, in the business district of Karachi, Pakistan
Pillar of the economy – by region Source:
Ad
1999
2007
2008
2009
GDP
$ 75,000,000,000
$ 160000000000
$ 168000000000
$ 185000000000
GDP purchasing power parity (PPP)
245.000 $ 000 000
$ 445500000000
$ 445000000000
$ 545600000000
GDP per capita
$ 450
$ 925
$ 1.085
$ 1,250
Tax collection
R. 305000000000
R. 708000000000
R. 990000000000
R. 1050000000000
International reserves
$ 700,000,000
16.4 billion
$ 10000000000
$ 14000000000
Export
$ 7500000000
$ 18500000000
$ 19220000000
$ 18450000000
The textile exports
$ 5500000000
$ 11200000000
–
–
KHI Stock (100 index)
$ 5,000,000,000 to 700 points
75000000000 $ to 14 000 points
56 billion U.S. dollars in 9000 points
FDI
Billion $
$ 8400000000
$ 5190000000
$ 4600000000
Debt Service
65% of GDP
26% of GDP
–
–
Extent of poverty
34%
24%
–
–
Alphabetization
45%
53%
–
–
Development programs
R. 80000000000
R. 520000000000
R. 549700000000
R. 880000000000
Economic comparison 1999-2008
Scholarship
Main article: Karachi Stock Exchange
During the four early twenty-first century, Pakistan KSE 100 stock index from the index of the top states in the world, such as by the magazine Business Week International. [Edit] Market capitalization of listed companies in Pakistan was estimated at $ 5,937,000 in 2005 from the World Bank. . But in 2008, after the general elections, the uncertain political environment, the growing Militancy along the border west of the country and the rising inflation and the current account deficit has caused the sharp decline in the Karachi Stock Exchange. Consequently, the corporate sector Pakistan declined dramatically in importance in recent times.
Manufacturing and Finance
manufacturing sector in Pakistan has experienced double-digit growth in recent years, from 2000-2007, with the large numbers, more and more a low of 1.5% in 1999 to a record high of 19.9% in 2004-05 and an average of 8.8% End of 2007. .
The Federal Statistical Office welcomes the financial and insurance sector in Rs.311, 741 million registered in 2005 and is up over 166% since 2000. Reduction the budget deficit has resulted in less government borrowing in the domestic money market, lower interest rates and an increase in lending to private companies and consumers.
The growing middle class
In terms of purchasing power, Pakistan is 30 million strong middle class, according to Dr. Ishrat Husain, former Governor (2 December 1999 to 1 December 2005), National Bank of Pakistan. This figure corresponds to a study by Standard Chartered Bank believes that Pakistan is an "A-class average of 30 million People, Standard Chartered estimates now earn an average of about that $ 10,000 per year. "The latest figures put East Pakistan, 35 million € for members the class. In addition, Pakistan has a growing middle class and the upper 6.8 million in 2002 and is expected to grow estimated 17 million people in 2010, with a high per capita income.
On measures of income inequality, the country is a little better than the median. End of 2006 estimated the Central Board of Revenue, that about 2.8 million taxpayers in income in the country.
The poverty rate declined from 10% since 2001, foreign companies establishing Pakistani middle class was very successful. For example, the demand for products Unilever now so high that even after doubling the production of Anglo-Dutch struggle to meet demand and the President determines that "the Pakistanis do not seem enough."
Fight against poverty spending
Main article: Poverty in Pakistan
Poverty in Pakistan
The Pakistani government has spent more than 1 billion rupees (approximately U.S. $ 16,700,000,000) for programs to combat poverty in the last four years of fighting, the Reducing poverty by 35 percent 2000/01 to 24 percent in 2006. Rural poverty remains a pressing problem because the development is slower than in large urban Areas.
Demography
Main article: Demographics of Pakistan
With a GDP per capita of over $ 3,000 (PPP, 2006), compared to $ 2.600 (PPP 2005) per year 2005, according to the World Bank, Pakistan middle-income countries, even as a country, "Development means listed in the 2007 Human Development Index. Pakistan has a large informal economy, the government is trying to document and evaluate. pay about 49% of adults literate and life expectancy is about 64 years. The population, about 168 million in 2007 with an increase of about 1.80%.
Relatively few resources in the past had given the socio-economic infrastructure. Lack of social services, Prices High birth rate and immigration from neighboring countries in the past to the persistence of poverty contributed. A recent study concluded that the influence the birth rate peaked in the 1980s and has declined since then strong. Pakistan's Gini index of family income, 41, near the world average of 39
Employment
High population growth in recent decades has ensured that many young people enter the labor market. Although he is one of the seven most populous Countries of Asia, Pakistan has a population density of less than Bangladesh, Japan, India and the Philippines. Historically there was a surplus of bureaucracy, an end of the employment, recruitment, and consequently difficult. The significant improvements in tax and business reforms have ensured that many companies no longer required exploitation in the informal economy.
In autumn 2006 the government launched an ambitious national plan for employment services to pay almost € 2 billion in five years.
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Pakistan
Tourism in Pakistan is a growing industry. The main attractions are the ruins of the civilization of the Indus Valley and the ski resorts in the Himalayas. Himalaya and Karakoram (including K2, the second highest summit of the mountain in the world are drawn to adventure and mountaineers from around the world. Karachi and Lahore are the main attractions of Pakistani dishes and authentic culture.
Income
The Board of Revenue has almost one billion Rupees (14.1 billion U.S. dollars) in fiscal year 2007-2008 questions collected.
Monetary System
Main article: Pakistani rupee
The ticket for Rs 500
Rupee
The Pakistani rupee has been the U.S. dollar coupled to 1982. If the rule of General Zia-ul-Haq, has changed to float. This was considered the best decision Zia. Consequently is the rupee depreciated by 38.5% between 1982/83 and 1987/88 and the anti-export bias of the economy declined. The basic unit of currency is the Rupee, abbreviated PKR and ISO-Code-R, which is divided into 100 paisas is. Currently, the notes of Rs 5000 printed new is the largest denomination in circulation. Recently, SAP has every new Design Notes of Rs 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000 and accepted position, observed during the design of the work Rs.10, 000 is the banking sector in the promotion of A few notes from savings accounts to help. The new notes have been designed with the technology of the euro and made in bright colors and bold bright, stylish design.
Dollar exchange rate Rupee
The exchange rate
1 Pakistani rupee (PKR) = 100 paisa
The Pakistani rupee has against the U.S. dollar depreciated by the end of the century, when Pakistan, the current account surplus pushed the value of the rupee against the dollar. Center Bank of Pakistan has cut interest rates, stabilized and buy U.S. dollars to maintain the competitiveness the exporting country
Exchange rates: Pakistani rupee (PKR) U.S. $ 1
PKR per U.S. dollar 1995-2008
Year
Best
Lowest
Date
Type
Date
Type
1995
30,930 PKR
1996
35,266 PKR
1997
40,185 PKR
1998
44,550 PKR
1999
PKR 51.90
2000
PKR 53.6482
2001
PKR 61.9272
2002
PKR 59.7238
2003
57,752 PKR
2004
58,000 PKR
2007
August 1905
PKR 60.75
1st November
PKR 60.50
2008
10th October
PKR 80.00
1st April
PKR 63.50
Source: Exchange rate U.S. dollars PKR, PAS
Exchange reserves
In October 2007, after Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz mandate, lifted Pakistan's foreign exchange reserves to 16.4 billion dollars. Pakistan trade deficit was 13 billion Exports to U.S. dollars 18 billion U.S. dollars increased, an increase of 13 billion U.S. dollars have become U.S. and the country has attracted foreign investment of 8.4 billion Euro.
11th October 2008 National Bank of Pakistan reported that the country's international reserves fell to $ 571.9 million for exchanges 7749700000th Foreign exchange reserves have are down by more than 10 billion U.S. dollars at an alarming rate of $ 6590000000th
Structure of the economy
The economy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is suffering with high Inflation rates well above 26%. More than 1081 patent applications were from the Pakistanis, foreigners in 2004 shows a new confidence archived. Agriculture accounted for about 53% of GDP in 1947. While the per capita agricultural production has increased since then, he has been overtaken by the growth of agriculture and the share of agriculture has about one-fifth of Pakistan's economy has been reduced. In recent years the country has fast growth sectors (such as experienced clothing, textiles and cement) and services (Eg telecommunications, transport, advertising and finance).
Sectoral contribution of GDP growth
Most of the recent acceleration of growth of GDP comes from industry and services.
GDP growth by sector percentage of GDP
Sector
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
Agriculture
0.03
1.01
0.53
1.74
Industry
Production
0.61
1.71
1.08
1.11
2.74
2.31
2.46
2.19
Service
2.47
2.75
3.16
4.16
Real GDP (fc)
3.1%
4.8%
6.4%
8.4%
Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2005
Production Structure
Share of different sectors in GDP
Sector
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
Products (1 +2 +3 +4 +5)
48.2
47.3
47.1
47.4
47.6
1st Agriculture
25.1
24.4
24.2
23.3
23.1
2nd Mining
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
3rd Production
15.9
16.1
16.4
17.6
18.3
4th Construction
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.0
5th Power Distribution
3.4
3.0
2.5
2.9
2.7
Services (6 +7 +8 +9 +10 +11)
51.8
52.7
52.9
52.6
52.4
6th Transport and COM.
11.7
11.5
11.5
11.4
11.1
7th Trade
18.1
18.0
18.2
18.5
19.1
8th Finances and insurance
3.1
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.7
9th Residential Property
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.9
10th Public Administration. And Defence Policy
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.5
6.0
11th Other Services
9.4
9.9
10.0
9.9
9.6
Note: It is estimated that GDP at constant factor cost. The figures are percentages.
Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2005
Industries
Agriculture
Main article: Agriculture in Pakistan
Agriculture by province
Mango orchards in Multan, Pakistan
Pakistan is a of the largest producers and suppliers worldwide with the following after the 2005 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAOSTAT given here with the classification:
Chickpea (2)
Apricot (4)
Cotton (4)
Cane sugar (4)
Milk (5)
Onion (5)
The date palm (6)
Mango (3)
Tangerine tangerine, Clementine (8)
Rice (8 ª)
Wheat (9)
Orange (10)
Pakistan is one in the Muslim world and the fifth XX world of agricultural production. He is the producer of milk in the fifth.
most important natural resources of Pakistan are arable land and water. About 25% of the total cultivated area in Pakistan and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. Pakistan irrigates three times more than Russia hectares. Agriculture accounts for about 23% of GDP and employs about 44% of the workforce. Zárai Taraqiati Bank Limited is the largest financial institution based on the development of agriculture by providing financial and technical expertise.
Industry
Main article: Economy of Pakistan
Provincial Production
Both companies are leaders from Pakistan to the Forbes Global 2000 in 2005.
Global
Assessment
Company Name
1284
Oil & Gas Development
1316
PTCL
Forbes Global 2000
Pakistan takes the forty-first in the world and around the world, the fifty-fifth production plant.
Industry accounts for nearly 24% of GDP in Pakistan. Production are of textiles and clothing products from Pakistan's largest cotton manufacturing industry, which is approximately 66% of exports of goods and almost 40% of the working population. More important industries are cement, fertilizer, edible oils, sugar, steel, tobacco, chemicals, machinery and food industries.
The government is the privatization semi-public entities large-scale public sector is a declining share of industrial output, while the growth in global industrial production (including the private sector) has been accelerated. The government policy to diversify the country's industrial base and promoting the export industry.
Industry: textiles (8.5% of GDP), fertilizers, cement, petroleum, dairy, food, beverages, construction materials, clothing, paper products, shrimp
Growth rate of production 2005 by 6% ()
The share of production in large-scale growth: 19.9% (2005)
Automotive
Pakistan is an emerging market for automobiles and auto parts supply business with great potential investment. The total contribution of the automotive industry to GDP in 2007 is 2.8%, which is expected to increase to 5.6% is about five years ahead. Automotive industry in the current pay 16% for the industry, also expected to increase by 25% during the next seven Years.
CNG industry
Since 2009, Pakistan is one of the largest consumers of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) in the world. Currently, more than 2,900 CNG stations in the country be established in 85 towns and villages, and 1,000 more in the next three years. It provides jobs for more than 50,000 people in Pakistan.
Cement Industry
In 1947 Pakistan had inherited four cement plants with a total capacity of 0.5 million tonnes. Some expansion occurred in 195 666, but could not keep pace with the economic Development and the country had to rely on imports of cement in 1976-77 and passed it to 1994-95. The cement industry has increased from 27 plants contribute more than Rs 30 billion composed of national Treasure in the form of taxes.
IT Industry
Pakistan, the industry has grown steadily since the end of three years. A large increase in software exports figures are an indication of the potential of the emerging industry. The total number of IT companies have increased until 1306 and estimates the size of the IT industry is 2.8 billion euros. In 2007, Pakistan has been featured in Global Services Location Index by AT Kearney and was classified as the best place for the 30th to shift by the year 2009, Pakistan has its Top ten places will be improved in order to get to 20.
Textiles
Textile industry is dominated by Punjab. For example, only 1.5 million people of NWFP used in industry. 3% of U.S. imports of textiles and clothing otherwise fall from Pakistan. Textile exports in 1999 were $ 5,200,000,000 and went on, $ 10,500 million in 2007 to convert. Export of textiles has increased very respectable growth of 16% in 2006. In the period from July 2007 to June 2008, textile exports were U.S. $ 10,620,000,000. Textile exports Share of total exports of Pakistan has declined from 67% in 1997 to 55% in 2008, exports increased other non-clothing.
Mining
Pakistan with significant natural resources and messages in a promising area for exploration Gifted / exploration of mineral deposits. Allegedly shows the country more than 6,00,000 km outcrops of the region several potential geological deposits of metallic and nonmetallic minerals. Without oil, natural gas and nuclear minerals regulated at the federal level, About the provincial minerals under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. State governments are responsible for the development and exploitation of minerals, In addition, the application of the scheme of regulation. have in common According to the constitutional framework of the federal and provincial governments established the first Pakistan National Mineral Policy in 1995 carried out properly by the provinces at the institutional and legal framework, fair and internationally competitive tax.
In the recent past shown Exploration government agencies and multi-national mining companies, many hits mineral deposits of considerable size. The recent discovery of a thick oxidized by resting zone sulphide zones in the area of arms of the province of Punjab, covered by a thick mud new avenues were opened for exploration of metallic minerals. Pakistan has a large base of industrial minerals. The discovery of coal deposits more than 175 billion tons of reserves of Thar in Sindh province has impetus for its development as an alternative Energy source. There is great potential for precious stones and dimension.
The application of the Mineral Policy (1995) paved the way for the expansion of business in the area the mining sector and attract international investment in this sector. International mining companies reacted positively to the NMP and now at least four are dedicated to mining developments.
Currently there are about 52 minerals are in operation, albeit on a smaller scale. Most of the production of coal, rock salt and other minerals for the construction and industry. Mining GDB is currently contributes about 0.5% and is expected to increase significantly in the development and operation of commercial deposits of copper and gold Saindak DIQ Reco (the largest Gold mine in the world), zinc and lead deposits Dudda Thar coal and precious stones.
Services
The services sector across the province
Pakistani accounts of the service sector of approximately 53.3% of GDP. Transport, storage, communications, finance and insurance account for 24% of the sector, and wholesale and retail 30%. Pakistan is the industry promote information and other modern service industries through fiscal incentives such as tax long term.
The government is very aware of the enormous opportunities for employment growth in the services sector, and has an aggressive privatization of the telecommunications, banking and despite labor disputes. [Edit]
Communication
A one-stop PTCL in Islamabad
Pakistan Telecommunications Company Ltd. was a successful American conglomerate with Forbes 2000, more than $ 1 billion in sales in 2005. The mobile phone market moved fourteen times since 2000 to a customer base of 91 million users reached in 2008, one of the highest densities of mobile phone in the world .. In addition, more than 6 million fixed lines in the country with 100% fiber optic network and coverage of WLL, even in remote areas .. Consequently, Pakistan has won the prestigious state leadership of the GSM Association, 2006 ..
The contribution of the telecom sector to the state's finances increased to Rs 110 billion euros for the 2007-08 through general sales tax, the capitalization of expenses and other measures in respect of Rs 100 billion in 2006-07.
The World Bank estimates it will take about three days to get a phone connection in Pakistan.
In Pakistan after the first mobile operator
Mobilink (father: Orascom Telecom Holding, Egypt)
Ufone (father: PTCL (Etisalat), Pakistan / UAE)
Telenor (father: Telenor, Norway)
Arab Emirates Warid (father: Abu Dhabi Group / SingTel, United / Singapore)
Zong (father: China Mobile, China)
In March 2009, Pakistan has 91 million registered mobile users – 25 million subscribers in more than the same period in 2008. More than 3.1 million fixed lines, while up to 2.4 million connections with Wireless Local Loop. Sony Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola, Samsung and LG, the brand remains very popular with customers.
Pakistan is located at ] Edge of a telecommunications revolution quotes [Edit and is by far the most attractive sector in Pakistan with regard to Foreign Direct Investment in the country. Since of liberalization in the last four years, the telecom sector, Pakistan has attracted more than 9 billion U.S. dollars in foreign investment. In 2007-08, Pakistan has only communication $ 1,620,000,000 received in foreign direct investment (FDI) of more than 30% of the total foreign direct investment in China.
The growth of the state of the-art telecommunications infrastructure in the area over the past four years has been the result of the vision of the PTA and the implementation of the policy of deregulation. Pager and mobile (cellular) were adopted early and freely movable. Mobile phones and the Internet have been taken for the welfare of the laissez-faire to a proliferation of private service providers to rapid adoption have resulted. With a rapid increase in the number of Internet users and ISPs, a large population of English, Pakistani society has an unprecedented revolution in the Communication seen.
By PC World, a total of 6.37 billion text messages were sent by Acision messaging systems throughout the Asia-Pacific region in the Christmas holiday and New Year 2008/2009. Pakistan is one of the first five Ranker, with an increase in traffic of 763 million SMS messages.
Pakistan is the fourth rank in terms of growth of broadband Internet in the world, such as the number of subscribers to broadband Internet has increased greatly. Rankings by Point Topic Broadband Global Analysis, a research published in the world.
Pakistan has more than 17 million Internet users in 2009. Country have the potential to absorb up to 50 million users of mobile Internet phone in the next five years, So potential of almost 1 million visitors per month.
Almost all key ministries, agencies and institutions have their own websites.
Using search engines and instant Messaging services is booming. Pakistanis are the most avid Internet chat, to communicate with users worldwide. In recent years a dramatic increase in the use of online services Before seen, for example, leading to a realignment great tradition of arranged marriages.
From 2007, there were six telephone companies operating in the cell in the country with almost 90 million Mobile phone users in the country.
Wireless local loop and fixed-line telephony sector also liberalized and made the private sector and increased the rate of teledensity. Mid-2008 was the installed capacity in the local loop, about 5.5 million.
Telecommunications industry has created 80 000 direct jobs and 500,000 indirect jobs.
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued at Rs.982 in this area, 353 million in 2005 thus registering a growth of over 91% since 2000.
Railways
Main article: Pakistan Railways
A recovery plan mass in the value of U.S. $ dollars over five years for Pakistan Railways has announced by the Government in 2005. A test of a new rail link is set up in Islamabad and Pakistan through Iran via Turkey-Istanbul-Teharan. It would also promote the Trade, tourism, and also serve as an effective link for exports to Europe (as part of Europe and Turkey] in Asia.
Aviation
See also: Airlines of Pakistan
A PIA B747-367 on the domestic satellite Jinnah International Airport
Pakistan International Airlines, the national industry of Pakistan Civil Aviation, has a turnover of over 1 billion in 2005. The government has announced a new maritime policy in 2006 that banks and institutions ships Financial Mortgage.
Private sector companies in Pakistan and include Shaheen Air International Airblue. Many private airlines are prepared as Air Mashriq air Dewan and Pearl.
Airblue is a function of the state of the art Airbus A320 and A321 aircraft flying in the country, the United Arab Emirates, Oman and the United Kingdom and Norway will be in shortly Begin Kuwait, Malaysia and India operations. Airblue recently ordered six A321 Factory costs, while two leased aircraft will be added soon to the dry current fleet of five years, making it the largest fleet in the PIA seconds behind, with 42 aircraft.
Wholesale and retail trade
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector, Rs.1, 358,309 million in 2005 thus register a growth of over 96% since 2000.
Finance and insurance
See also: List of banks in Pakistan
Reduced the budget deficit as a result less government borrowing in the domestic money market, interest rates and lower credit growth to private Businesses and consumers. Foreign exchange reserves continued to reach new levels in 2007, supported by robust and stable export growth of remittances from workers.
Pakistan had 34 of the 52 leading countries in the first World Economic Forum, Report on the Development Financial, which in Pakistan by the Fund to support the Competitiveness (CSF) was started in December 2008. Because of factors, political and institutional pillar, is 49th in Pakistan in the institutional environment, classified, 50 and 37 in the business world on financial stability. In the column, credit and insurance sector banks in Pakistan in the 25th, 42nd Rank of 17 banks and financial markets. Availability of capital and access the 33rd Pakistan Rank.
Pakistan's banking sector remained strong and resilient during the global financial crisis on 200 809, a Property that has attracted a significant amount of foreign direct investment in the industry. Stress tests conducted in June 2008, data show that large banks are relatively robust, with the environment and small banks to position themselves in niche markets. The banking sector has become profitable in 2002. Your earnings have continued over the five years to increase and reached 84.1 rupees (1.1 million) dollars in 2006.
The credit card market has its strong growth with sales continue to pass 1 million mark by mid- 2005th Since 2000, the Pakistani banks aggressive marketing of consumer credit, the rising middle class started to allow a consumption boom (more than seven months the waiting list for certain car models) and a construction boom.
The Federal Office of Statistics provisionally valued this sector Rs.311, 741 million registered in 2005 than a growth of over 166% since 2000.
Residential Property
The property sector has risen 23 since 2001, especially in cities like Lahore. But the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry estimates that by the end of 2006, the total housing construction in Pakistan will be increased to 0.5 million units per year, with 6.1 million units in circulation treat Pakistan to cover the deficit in housing over the next 20 years. The report shows that the current housing stock is aging rapidly, and one estimate suggests before that over 50 percent of the shares has more than 50 years. It is also estimated that 50 percent of the urban population lives in slums and squatter settlements. The report on the meeting said the backlog in housing, in addition to replacing housing units from the time, is beyond the resources of the public finances. This requires establishing a framework for financing in the formal private sector to facilitate and mobilize the resources for a system of funding non-government housing Market.
The Federal Bureau of Statistics preliminary value of the sector Rs.185, 376 million in 2005 thus registering over 49% growth since 2000.
Public Administration and defense
The Federal Bureau of Statistics preliminary value of the sector Rs.389, 545 million in 2005 registering a growth of 65% since 2000th
Social, community and personal services
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector Rs.631, 229 million in 2005 such a register growth of more than 78% since 2000.
Electricity
Main article: Electricity sector in Pakistan
For years, the question of the balance between the offer of Pakistan to reduce demand for electricity remained largely an unsolved. Pakistan is facing a major challenge in modernizing its network responsible for the supply of electricity. While the government claims that a turnaround of the economy through full recovery, to monitor not just to monitor the improvement comparable quality of the power is fed. [Edit] Some officials have even suggested that the frequent power cuts are now signs of Pakistan a new prosperity, because it is rapidly growing electricity demand. But the failure of the application is indeed a sign of a challenge for prosperity. [Edit] This is despite Pakistan have produced a huge potential for wind energy. Apart from this, most cities of Pakistan receives considerable sunshine throughout the year, suggests good conditions for investment in solar energy.
Recently, the Minister of Water and Power, Raja Pervez Ashraf said that load shedding will be in December 2009 with the help of the end of rental units to generate energy and make the country self-sufficient 2011th [The critics who?] Emphasize that this is too optimistic.
Foreign trade, remittances, Assistance and investment
Investment
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan has increased from 180.6 years per cent over the previous year to U.S. $ 2,220,000,000 investment portfolio and 276 percent to $ 407,400,000 reported in the first nine months of fiscal 2006, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) 24 April. In July 2005 to 6 March annual FDI Annual rose to $ 2224000000 from only $ 792,600,000 and portfolio investments of $ 407,400,000 while $ 108,100,000 was for the same period last year, according to the latest Statistics of the State Bank released. Pakistan Foreign direct investment has nearly 8.4 billion in 6.7 years longer than the government target of 4 billion dollars.
Pakistan today the country most favorable to investment in South Asia. Business regulations have been significantly along liberal lines, reduced in particular since 1999. Most of the obstacles for international capital flows and direct investment have been deleted. Foreign investors do not comply with restrictions on capital inflows and investments by up to 100% ownership is allowed in most sectors. given unlimited earnings, dividends, fees for services or capital is now the rule. Rules Companies are now among the most liberal in the region. This was published by the ease of the report of the World Bank Doing Business Index in September 2009, the ranking of Pakistan (85) confirmed well in neighboring countries such as China (89th) and India (133).
Pakistan draws a growing number of private capital was ranked 20th in the World based on the level of investment in the country. Pakistan has managed to attract more investments because of global private economic reforms in 2003 that foreign Investors with better guarantees for the stability of the nation and its ability to provide for returning funds to invest in the future.
Rates must to an average of 16% was reduced to a maximum of 25% (except for the automotive industry). The privatization in the 1990s began, has grown with the Most of the private banking system and the detainee white oil sector are the next big privatization.
The recent improvements in the economy and business Environment has been recognized by the international rating agencies Moody and Standard & Poor's (modernization of country risk at the end of 2003).
Foreign Takeovers and mergers
With the rapid growth of Pakistan's economy among foreign investors are very interested in the commercial sector of Pakistan. This In recent years, the majority of the shares in many companies have been acquired by multinational corporations.
Temasek Holdings of Singapore for PICIC $ 339,000,000
Union Bank by Standard Chartered Bank $ 487,000,000
First Commercial Bank from ABN Amro for $ 228,000,000
Paktel to China Mobile for $ 460,000,000
PTCL order of $ 1800000000 Etisalat
additional shares for 57.6% of Lakson Tobacco Company acquired by Philip Morris International for 382 million U.S. dollars
Foreign exchange earnings are also sales to offset the current account deficit.
Foreign trade
Pakistan's exports in 2005
Pakistan with a member of the World Trade Organization, and has bilateral and multilateral trade agreements with many countries and international organizations closed.
Fluctuations in global demand for their exports, domestic political uncertainty and have the impact of occasional droughts in production agriculture, contributed to the variability of the trade deficit of Pakistan.
In the six months to December 2003 recorded a current account surplus of Pakistan $ 1,761,000,000, or about 5% of GDP. Exports from Pakistan are still made of cotton textiles and clothing dominated, despite efforts to diversify the government. Exports increased by 19.1% in fiscal year 2002-03. The main imports of petroleum and chemical products Petroleum, oils, fertilizers, capital goods, industrial raw materials and consumer goods.
Following the external imbalances Pakistan with a large foreign debt. Capital and interest payments in 1998-99 amounted to $ 2,600,000,000, more than double the amount for the year 1989-1990 paid. annual Debt increased in over 34% of export earnings, declined.
With a current account surplus in recent years, Pakistan's foreign exchange reserves rapidly increased. Improved budget management responsibility for greater transparency and other governance reforms have contributed to the creditworthiness of Pakistan. With lower interest rates World, these factors have enabled Pakistan to prepayment and refinancing your refinance its debt. Although the current account surplus and exports grew in recent years, Pakistan is still a big deficit in goods trade. The budget deficit for the fiscal years 1996-1997 was 6.4% of GDP. The budget deficit for 2003/04 will amount to around 4% of GDP.
In the late 1990s, Pakistan has received 2.5 billion U.S. dollars per year in loans and grants from international Financial institutions (IMF, World Bank and Asian Development Bank) and bilateral donors. Increasingly, the composition of aid to Pakistan has gone from grants to loans repaid in foreign currency moved. All new U.S. economic aid to Pakistan has suspended the sanctions after October 1990, and May were more imposed in 1998, Pakistan after nuclear weapons test. The sanctions were lifted by President George W. Bush, after Musharraf allied Pakistan with the United States in its war against terror. After improving its financial situation, the government has refused a new IMF-support and thus the IMF program was completed. The government is also the reduction of tariff barriers in bilateral and multilateral.
While the country has a trade surplus and imports and exports have in the past Years of strong growth, is still a big deficit in goods trade. The budget deficit for 2004-2005 was 3.4% of GDP. The budget deficit for fiscal year 2005/06 is expected to exceed 4% of GDP. Economists believe that the growing trade deficit would have a negative impact Pakistani rupee depreciation of its value against the dollar (U.S. $ 1 = 60 rupees (03 2006)) and other currencies.
One of the main reasons contributed to the worsening trade deficit is the increase Imports of earthquake relief supplies, and ensuring the tents, tarpaulins and plastic sheeting for temporary shelters for earthquake victims 8th October 2005 at the Azad Jammu and Kashmir and parts the NWFP, said an official. Increase the trade deficit, driven by the high prices were imported oil, foodstuffs, machinery and cars.
The Oil Ministry said that even this year the import bill of petroleum estimated $ 6500000000 against $ 4600000000 for the year the main reason behind the record trade deficit.
The EU is the most important trading partner of Pakistan, which receives more than a third of exports in 2003.
Export
Pakistan provides high quality football Export
Pakistan Exports grew by over 100% from $ 7,500,000,000 in 1999 to over $ 18 billion for the period 2007-2008.
The Pakistan exports rice, furniture, cotton fiber, Cement, brick, marble, textiles, clothing, leather goods, sports goods (renowned for footballs / soccer balls), surgical instruments, electrical Equipment, software, carpets, ice cream, beef, chicken, milk powder, wheat, fish (especially shrimp / prawns), vegetables, processed foods, assembled Suzuki Pakistan (In Afghanistan and other countries), military equipment (submarines, tanks, radars), salt, marble, onyx, engineering goods, and many other items. Pakistan cement was accepted very well by exporters in Asia and the Middle East. In Pakistan, August 2007, India began to export cement to fill the shortage caused by the construction boom.
Imports
Imports from Pakistan in the amount of $ 30,540,000,000 for fiscal year 2006-2007, an increase of 8.22 percent of imports during the previous year to 28.58 Billion dollars.
Pakistan's largest single category of oil import prices of petroleum products. Other machinery, construction machinery, trucks, cars, computers, computer parts, Drug, pharmaceutical, food, civil aircraft, arms, iron, steel, toys, electronics and other goods consumption.
The sales tax is 15 percent levied on imports and domestic production. The withholding tax is levied on payments at 6 percent of imports and 3.5 percent of national sales tax payers.
External Imbalances
Pakistan has a trade deficit of goods by experienced 13528000000 $ for the year 2006-7. The gap has widened since 2002-3, when the deficit is only 1.06 billion $. Deficit in the services sector for the period 2006-2007 was synonymous with $ 4125000000 export of services of $ 4,125,000,000 for the same year.
The combined deficit of goods and services up to $ 17,653,000,000, which represents approximately 83.5 percent of total exports of countries of $ 21,136 (goods and services). The rising trade deficit has reduced oil imports and rising food prices, machinery and cars.
The current account deficits – the current account deficit 7016000000 2006-7 reached U.S. $ 41 percent over the previous year to EUR 4490 million.
Since early 2008, Pakistan's economic outlook has taken a dramatic decline. The Problems of the nation's role in the war on terrorism have created great instability and led to a decline in foreign direct investment amounting to about $ 8,000,000 $ 3,500,000,000 for the fiscal year. At the same time, the uprising has caused a massive flight of capital from Pakistan in the Gulf region. Combined with rising global Double Impact on commodity prices is based economy, Pakistan, shocked with deficits Trade Up, high inflation and declining value of the rupee has from USD to 60-1 80-1 about Dollar increased in a few months. For the first time in years, you may need to seek external financing in the balance of payments. Consequently, S & P downgraded Pakistan's credit rating currency CCC-plus from B, just several notches above a level that indicates the default. Pakistan has been notice in the local currency debt to less than B-BB reduced. Credit agency Moody's Investors Service lowered its outlook on Pakistan debt from stable to negative because of political uncertainty, although they maintain the status B2.The countries at a price of protection against default on sovereign debt trades 1,800 points in the framework contract with Pakistan's credit default swaps for five years, a level that investors believe the country is already or will say, now in default.
The concept of the center, but may be less turbulent, depending on the political environment. The EIU believes that inflation should be based on a single digit in 2010 and growth should accelerate later this year by 5% fall in 2011. Much less than the average fifth % Earlier in July, would about the current crisis, where the growth is only 3.5 to 4% less.
Financing
Pakistan receives economic aid several sources as loans and grants. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), grants, etc. long-term loans to Pakistan. Pakistan also receives bilateral aid from developed countries rich in oil.
The Asian Development Bank is approximately $ 6000000000 development aid to Pakistan during 2006-9. The World Bank gave a loan program 2006-2009 in the amount of up to 6.5 billion dollars for Pakistan under a new contract four years, the assistance strategy shows a substantial increase in funding for meat especially the infrastructure. Japan, $ 500,000,000 to provide annual financial assistance to Pakistan. In November 2008, approved by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) loan in the amount from $ 7,600,000 to Pakistan to help stabilize and rebuild the economy. More recently, the Pakistan Govt Economic aid received U.S. $ 5000000000 U.S., including the commitment of U.S. $ 1000000000 USA as a deposit on the amount of 1.5 billion has been described previously announced, promised to Pakistan, for every five years.The the European Union has pledged $ 640 over four years, although reports said Saudi Arabia has committed to U.S. $ 700,000,000 over two years. Friends General Pakistan has pledged 1.6 billion U.S. dollars assistance to help Pakistan move forward on the path to self-sufficiency.
Transfers
Remittances from expatriates Pakistanis have played an important role in the Pakistan economy and foreign exchange reserves. Pakistanis settled in Western Europe and North America are important sources of funds to Pakistan. Since 1973, Pakistani workers in the oil-rich Arab states are sources of the billions of dollars in remittances.
The seven million-strong Pakistani diaspora has contributed U.S. $ 8 dollars for the economy in 2008. The main source of remittances to countries including Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, the U.S., Saudi Arabia, the GCC countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman), Australia, Canada, Japan, UK and EU countries such as Norway, Switzerland, etc.
Research has shown that remittances from the IMF staff to pay 4% of GDP in Pakistan is equivalent to about 22 percent of annual exports of goods and services.
Public finances
Summary of the budget for
Year in Review: July 1 to June 30
Sales: $ 19800000000
Weight:
Debt – External: U.S. $ 39940000000 (2005 est.)
Economic aid – recipient: $ 2000000000 (FY97/98)
Control
This section is the attention an expert in the field. See details under discussion. Project: Business and economics portal can help you to recruit an expert in school. (October 2009)
Pakistan Tax at a low percentage of GDP, which tries to improve.
Spending
Public spending $ 25000000000 (founded 2006)
Emissions of government bonds
Pakistan is expected that a dual-tranche sale of state bonds worth 750 million U.S. dollars 23rd March 2006, which was after receiving a favorable environment for analysts in the bond market. The route of 10 years would be $ 500,000,000 and the proportion of 30 years, $ 250 million. The price should during trading hours in New York 23rd March 2006. The sources said the 10 years set to be long at about 7.125 percent, while the longer time should be around 7.875 percent, the upper end of the indicative range of 7.75 to 7.875 percent Performance will be sold.
The obligations under Articles 10 and 30 reached 1.5 billion U.S. dollars in orders and a total size of the scale the $ 1250000000, which was was expected that Pakistan would be different in the international debt market since 2004.
Government of Pakistan has had funds on the international market Indebtedness from time to time.
collected data on the level on various topics as follows:
1999 – 623 millones Dolares
2004 – accounting for $ 500 million@6.75
2005 – 600 Millionen Dollar in Islamic bonds
2007 – 750 $ Bonus percentage million@6.875 € punishment, which are usually very subscribe
Income distribution
Gini index: 41
Income or consumption by percentage:
The lowest 10%: 4.1%
more 10%: 27.7% (1996)
The lowest 20%: 27.7% (2006)
See also
Ministry of Commerce (Pakistan)
List of tariffs in Pakistan
Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)
BOI Pakistan
Trading Corporation of Pakistan
Rice Exporters Association of Pakistan
Economy of the OIC
Further Reading
Ahmad Rashid Amjad and Viqar. 1986th The control of the economy of Pakistan, 1947-1982. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Ali Imran. 1997th Development of telecommunications in Pakistan, Noam EM (Eds.), Telecommunications in Western Asia and the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ali Imran. 2001a. the historical lines of poverty and social exclusion in Pakistan. Paper presented at the Conference of the Kingdom, the company and nation in South Asia. National University of Singapore.
Ali Imran. 2001b. Business and power in Pakistan, in AM Weiss and SZ Gilani (eds), Power and Civil Society Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Ali Imran. 2002nd The past and present: the training of government in Pakistan, Imran Ali, S. Mumtaz and JL Racine (eds), Pakistan: Contours of the state and society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Imran Ali, A. Hussain. 2002nd Pakistan National Report on human development. Islamabad: UNDP.
Ali Imran, S. Mumtaz and JL Racine (eds). 2002nd Pakistan: the contours of the state and society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Amjad, Rashid. 1982nd Private investment industry in Pakistan, from 1960 to 1970th London: Cambridge University Press.
Andrus, JR and AF Mohammed. 1958th Pakistan economy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Barber, GN 1966th Punjab Alienation of Land Act 1900th Durham, NC: Duke University Southeast Asia Series.
Jahan, Rounaq. 1972nd Pakistan: The failure of national integration. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kessinger, TG 1974th Vilyatpur, 1848-1968. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Kochanek, SA 1983rd Interest Groups and Development: Trade and politics in Pakistan. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
LaPorte, Jr., Robert and MB Ahmad. 1989th Public enterprises in Pakistan. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Latif, SM 1892nd Lahore. Lahore: New Imperial Press, reprinted 1981, Lahore: Sandhu printer.
Low, DA (Eds.). 1991st The political legacy of Pakistan. London: Macmillan.
Noman, Omar. 1988th Pakistan economic policies. London: KPI.
Papanek, GF 1967th Pakistan for development: social goals and private incentives. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.
Raychaudhuri, Tapan and Irfan Habib (eds). 1982nd The economic history of Spain, Cambridge, 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
White, LJ 1974th The concentration of industrial and economic power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ziring, Lawrence. 1980th Pakistan: The Enigma of political developments. Boulder, Colorado: Folkestone.
Ali Imran. 1987th The growth in online? agricultural settlement and the roots behind in Punjab, Past and Present, 114
Ali Imran. August 2002nd that historical lines of poverty and exclusion in Pakistan, South Asia, XXV (2).
Ali Imran, S. Mumtaz. 2002nd nderstanding Pakistanhe global impact, regional, national and local interactions, Imran Ali, S. Mumtaz and JL Racine (eds), Pakistan: The contours of the state and society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Hasan, Parvez. 1998th Economy of Pakistan at the crossroads: past policies and current challenges. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Hussain, Ishrat. 1999th Pakistan: the economy an elitist government. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Rafi Shahrukh Khan. 1999th Fifty years of Pakistan's economy: traditional and contemporary themes concerns. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Ghulam Kibria. 1999th Shattered Dream: Understanding the development of Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Kukreja, Veena. 2003rd Contemporary Pakistan: political processes, conflicts and crises. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Zaidi, S. Akbar. 1999th Pakistan's economic problems. Karachi: Oxford University Press
References
^ From "Pakistan." The World Factbook. CIA. https: / / www.cia.gov / library / publications / the … About the Author

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